Incidence and risk factors for venous thromboembolism after laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer.

The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after abdominal cancer surgery is estimated to be approximately 2to 3-fold that observed after non-cancer surgery. Antithrombotic prophylaxis reduces the incidence of VTE by approximately 70% in this setting. Thus current guidelines recommend the use of heparin prophylaxis after cancer surgery. In a randomized study on cancer surgery, the incidence of venography-detected deep vein thrombosis or confirmed pulmonary embolism was 18.2% with unfractionated heparin and 14.7% with low molecular weight heparin.A 2.1% incidence of symptomatic VTE at 30 days after major cancer surgery has been reported, despite the use of antithrombotic prophylaxis. The laparoscopic approach for major cancer surgery has become increasingly common. Patients operated by the laparoscopic approach were excluded from most of the studies on prophylaxis of VTE after cancer surgery. Conflicting data regarding the incidence of VTE after laparoscopic surgery for colon-rectal cancer have been reported. We performed a prospective study to evaluate the incidence of and the risk factors for VTE in patients who had elective laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer. Consecutive patients who had elective, laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer were considered for inclusion in the study. Exclusion criteria were: refusal of consent, age under 18 years, surgery for non-cancer disease, duration of surgery less than 45 min, conversion to open surgery, an indication for anticoagulant therapy, contraindication for or known hypersensitivity to heparin, renal or hepatic diseases, known cerebral metastases, generalized bleeding disorders, cerebral hemorrhage or neurosurgery within the previous six months, pregnancy or lactation. Patients were included in the study on the day of surgery. A complete compression ultrasonography (cCUS) of the lower limbs was obtained at day 8±2 after surgery.On suspicion of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism during the study period, confirmation by objective testing was required. Antithrombotic prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin was given to all patients from the day of surgery until cCUS, according to local practice. Study outcomes assessed were symptomatic, objectively confirmed VTE (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) and asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis by cCUS at day 8±2 from surgery. Major VTE, defined as symptomatic VTE and/or proximal deep vein thrombosis, was also assessed. Deaths occurring from the day of sur-